Technology Use by Secondary School Teachers: Pre-Digital India Phase

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Anjali Meera Nair

Independent Researcher

Kerala, India

Abstract
This study explores the nature and extent of technology use by secondary school teachers in India during the pre‑digital era (circa 1970–1999). Grounded in a descriptive survey design, the research aims to document which analog instructional tools were employed, how frequently they were used, the purposes they served, and the barriers that teachers faced. A stratified sample of 500 secondary school teachers from rural and urban districts across five geographical zones responded to a semi‑structured questionnaire. Findings indicate that while the chalkboard remained the dominant medium (100 % usage), a substantial minority utilized overhead projectors (45 %), film strips (30 %), educational radio programs (25 %), and educational television broadcasts (20 %).

Teachers reported that these technologies enhanced student engagement (85 %) and information retention (75 %), but cited unreliable electricity (70 %), lack of training (65 %), and maintenance issues (55 %) as significant obstacles. The study highlights regional and demographic differences in access and use, underscoring the importance of infrastructure and professional development. Lessons drawn from the pre‑digital phase can inform current efforts to integrate digital technologies effectively by addressing enduring systemic challenges.

Keywords
Pre‑digital technology, analog instructional tools, secondary education, teacher technology use, India

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